Elements of narrative

1. Before you scroll through the rest of the page, take 5 minutes to watch this overview video:

2. Then, use the site content list to navigate the page.

Characters

The people, animals, or personified things in the story


Protagonist

The main character in the story.

Antagonist

The character who creates CONFLICT for the main character

Character Arc

HOW the a DYNAMIC character changes.  

Dynamic Character

A character who CHANGES as a result of the conflict

Static Character

A character who STAYS THE SAME throughout the story

The 5 Ways of Characterization

How the author "paints" the character

  • What the character DOES
  • What the character SAYS
  • What the character THINKS
  • How the character LOOKS
  • How OTHER characters REACT to the character

Point of View

Narrator = the character or "voice" who's telling the story.

1st Person Point of View

The narrator is a character in the story


3rd Person Point of View

The narrator is NOT a character in the story

To figure out the POINT OF VIEW of a story, ask yourself: "WHO is telling the story?"

Setting

The time and place of a story

Kino awakened in the near dark. The stars still shone and the day had drawn only a pale wash of light in the lower sky to the east. The roosters had been crowing for some time, and the early pigs were already beginning their ceaseless turning of twigs and bits of wood to see whether anything to eat had been overlooked. Outside the brush house in the tuna clump, a covey of little birds chittered and flurried with their wings. 

from The Pearl

We lived in a time of drought and war. The great empires had fallen and been divided. The land was parched and starved for moisture, and the man who lived on it fought for every drop. Outside, the wind howled like something wounded. Inside, our skin flaked, and our eyes stung and burned. Our tongues were like thick snakes asleep in dark graves.

from The Water Wars

Dodging low tree branches, leaping over dips and cracks in the sidewalk, Cody Carter ran harder and faster down Chimney Rock than he had ever run in his entire life. Someone was chasing him and quickly closing the short gap that lay between them.

from Laugh Till You Cry

Types of Conflict

conflict = the problem or struggle in the story


Internal Conflict

  • Individual vs. Self

External Conflicts

  • Individual vs. Individual

  • Individual vs. Nature

  • Individual vs. Supernatural

  • Individual vs. Society

  • Individual vs. Technology

Parts of Plot

Plot = The events of the story in order

Click to play the 

parts of plot video

Exposition

The beginning of the story where the characters and setting are introduced

Initiating Event

The conflict is introduced

Rising Action

Suspense builds. This is the BULK of the story. In a 300 page book, at least 250 pages will be rising action.

Climax

The high point of the story. This is usually the moment when the protagonist "changes" in some way (changes their mind, beats the bad guy....)

Falling Action

The story starts coming to an end

Resolution

Any loose ends are tied up. The story comes to an end. 

Theme

The lesson or moral of the story


To determine the theme of the story, think about how the protagonist changed (or failed to change) by the end of the story. What lesson did he or she learn? That's usually  the theme.

Dialogue

a conversation between two characters in a story

More Narrative Terms

Flashback

A scene in a story that is set in a time EARLIER than the main story. (A jump BACK in time.)

Foreshadowing

The use of clues to hint at coming events in a story

Irony

When the outcome of the story is the exact opposite of what the reader expects or what "should" be.

Ready?

Once you've read/watched everything on this page, it's time to memorize the terms